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The state of the Bitcoin blockchain itself: how many blocks have been mined, how much computing power secures it, when mining gets harder or easier, and how long until the next halving.
The date is worked out from the current average block time, so it moves a little every day.
Every 2,016 blocks, about two weeks, the network resets the difficulty so blocks keep arriving roughly every 10 minutes. If blocks came faster than that, difficulty goes up.
Miners who add a new block to the Bitcoin blockchain receive newly created bitcoin as a reward. Every 210,000 blocks, roughly every four years, that reward is cut in half. This is the halving. It is written into Bitcoin's code and is the reason no more than 21 million bitcoin will ever exist.
Because blocks do not arrive at exact intervals, nobody knows the precise date in advance. This page estimates it from the recent average block time. The halving guide covers the history of past halvings.
Hashrate is the total computing power miners point at Bitcoin, measured in exahashes per second (one EH/s is a billion billion guesses per second). Higher hashrate makes the network more expensive to attack. Difficulty is how hard it is to find a valid block; it follows hashrate up and down so the block rhythm stays steady.